Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
Volume 12, Issue 4 , Pages 371-384 , October 2008

Uncovering the biochemical milieu of myofascial trigger points using in vivo microdialysis: An application of muscle pain concepts to myofascial pain syndrome

Received 8 April 2008 ,Revised 27 May 2008 ,Accepted 3 June 2008.

References 

  1. Ambalavanar R, Dessem D, Moutanni A, Yallampalli C, Yallampalli U, Gangula P, et al. Muscle inflammation induces a rapid increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) mRNA that temporally relates to CGRP immunoreactivity and nociceptive behavior. Neuroscience. 2006;143(3):875–884
  2. Ambalavanar R, Yallampalli C, Yallampalli U, Dessem D. Injection of adjuvant but not acidic saline into craniofacial muscle evokes nociceptive behaviors and neuropeptide expression. Neuroscience. 2007;149(3):650–659
  3. Bennett R. Myofascial pain syndromes and their evaluation. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 2007;21(3):427–445
  4. Borg-Stein J, Simons DG. Focused review: myofascial pain. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002;83(3 (Suppl. 1)):S40–S49
  5. Bukharaeva ÉA, Gainulov RK, Nikol'skii EE. The effects of noradrenaline on the amplitude–time characteristics of multiquantum endplate currents and the kinetics of induced secretion of transmitter quanta. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 2002;32(5):549–554
  6. Caterina MJ, Julius D. Sense and specificity: a molecular identity for nociceptors. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 1999;9(5):525–530
  7. Chen JT, Chen SM, Kuan TS, Chung KC, Hong CZ. Phentolamine effect on the spontaneous electrical activity of active loci in a myofascial trigger spot of rabbit skeletal muscle. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1998;79(7):790–794
  8. Chen JT, Chung KC, Hou CR, Kuan TS, Chen SM, Hong CZ. Inhibitory effect of dry needling on the spontaneous electrical activity recorded from myofascial trigger spots of rabbit skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2001;80:729–735
  9. Cook SP, McCleskey EW. Cell damage excites nociceptors through release of cytosolic ATP. Pain. 2002;95:41–47
  10. Corey, S., Bouffard, N., Langevin, H., 2007. Immunohistochemical characterization of the mouse subcutaneous perimuscular fascial plexus. In: Fascia Research Congress, Boston, Elsevier.
  11. Cunha TM, Verri WA, Fukada SY, Guerrero ATG, Santodomingo-Garzon T, Poole S, et al. TNF-[alpha] and IL-1[beta] mediate inflammatory hypernociception in mice triggered by B1 but not B2 kinin receptor. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2007;573(1–3):221–229
  12. Dommerholt J, Mayoral del Moral O, Gröbli C. Trigger point dry needling. The Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2006;14(4):E70–E87
  13. Edwards J. The importance of postural habits in perpetuating myofascial trigger point pain. Acupuncture in Medicine. 2005;23(2):77–82
  14. Gerwin RD, Dommerholt J, Shah JP. An expansion of Simons’ integrated hypothesis of trigger point formation. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2004;8:468–475
  15. Giordano J, Schultea T. Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor mediation of pain and anti-nociception: implications for clinical therapeutics. Pain Physician. 2004;7:141–147
  16. Hagg G. Ny forklaringsmodell for muskelskador vid statisk belastnin i skuldra och nacke [Swedish; New explanation for muscle damage as a result of static loads in the neck and shoulder]. Arbete Manniska Miljo. 1988;4:260–262
  17. Hoheisel U, Koch K, Mense S. Functional reorganization in the rat dorsal horn during an experimental myositis. Pain. 1994;59:111–118
  18. Hong C. Lidocaine injection versus dry needling to myofascial trigger point: the importance of the local twitch response. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1994;73:256–263
  19. Hsieh Y-L, Kao M-J, Kuan T-S, Chen S-M, Chen J-T, Hong C-Z. Dry needling to a key myofascial trigger point may reduce the irritability of satellite myofascial trigger points. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2007;86:397–403
  20. Hubbard DR, Berkoff GM. Myofascial trigger points show spontaneous needle EMG activity. Spine. 1993;18:1803–1807
  21. Huguenin LK. Myofascial trigger points: the current evidence. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2004;5:2–12
  22. Inoue A, Ikoma K, Morioka N, Kumagai K, Hashimoto T, Hide I, et al. Interleukin-1beta induces substance P release from primary afferent neurons through the cyclooxygenase-2 System. Journal of Neurochemistry. 1999;73(5):2206–2213
  23. Issberner U, Reeh PW, Steen KH. Pain due to tissue acidosis: a mechanism for inflammatory and ischemic myalgia?. Neuroscience Letters. 1996;208(3):191–194
  24. Kao MJ, Han TI, Kuan TS, Hsieh YL, Su BH, Hong CZ. Myofascial trigger points in early life. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2007;88(2):251–254
  25. Kuan TS, Hong CZ, Chen JT, Chen SM, Chien CH. The spinal cord connections of the myofascial trigger spots. European Journal of Pain. 2007;11(6):624–634
  26. Langevin, H., 2008. Potential role of fascia in chronic musculoskeletal pain. In: Audette, J.F., Bailey, A. (Eds.), Integrative Pain Medicine: The Science and Practice of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Pain Management. Humana Press, Totowa, pp. 123–132.
  27. Loram LC, Fuller A, Fick LG, Cartmell T, Poole S, Mitchell D. Cytokine profiles during carrageenan-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia in rat muscle and hind paw. The Journal of Pain. 2007;8(2):127–136
  28. Luo G, Hershko DD, Robb BW, Wray CJ, Hasselgren PO. IL-1beta stimulates IL-6 production in cultured skeletal muscle cells through activation of MAP kinase signaling pathway and NF-kappa B. American Journal of Physiology—Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2003;284:R1249–R1254
  29. Mense S. The pathogenesis of muscle pain. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2003;7:419–425
  30. Mense S, Hoheisel U. Central nervous sequelae of local muscle pain. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12:101–109
  31. Mense S, Simons DG. Muscle Pain: Understanding its Nature, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Baltimore and Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001;
  32. Niddam DM, Chan RC, Lee SH, Yeh TC, Hsieh JC. Central modulation of pain evoked from myofascial trigger point. Clinical Journal of Pain. 2007;23(5 June):440–448
  33. Reitinger A, Radner H, Tilscher H, Hanna M, Windisch A, Feigl W. Morphologische Untersuchung an Triggerpunkten. Manuelle Medizin. 1996;34:256–262
  34. Roatta S, Windhorst U, Ljubisavljevic M, Johansson H, Passatore M. Sympathetic modulation of muscle spindle afferent sensitivity to stretch in rabbit jaw closing muscles. Journal of Physiology. 2002;540:237–248
  35. Sachs D, Cunha FQ, Poole S, Ferreira SH. Tumour necrosis factor-[alpha], interleukin-1[beta] and interleukin-8 induce persistent mechanical nociceptor hypersensitivity. Pain. 2002;96(1/2):89–97
  36. Sato A. Somatovisceral reflexes. Journal of Manipulative Physiological Therapeutics. 1995;18:597–602
  37. Shah JP. Integrating dry needling with new concepts of myofascial pain, muscle physiology, and sensitization. In:  Audette JF,  Bailey A editor. Integrative Pain Medicine: The Science and Practice of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Pain Management. Totowa: Humana Press; 2008;p. 107–121
  38. Shah JP, Phillips TM, Danoff JV, Gerber L. An in vivo microanalytical technique for measuring the local biochemical milieu of human skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2005;99:1977–1984
  39. Shah JP, Danoff JV, Desai M, Parikh S, Nakamura LY, Phillips TM, et al. Biochemicals associated with pain and inflammation are elevated in sites near to and remote from active myofascial trigger points. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2008;89:16–23
  40. Simons DG. Review of enigmatic MTrPs as a common cause of enigmatic musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2004;14(1):95–107
  41. Simons DG, Travell JG, Simons L. Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1999;
  42. Sluka KA, Kalra A, Moore SA. Unilateral intramuscular injections of acidic saline produce a bilateral, long-lasting hyperalgesia. Muscle & Nerve. 2001;24(1):37–46
  43. Snijdelaar DG, Dirksen R, Slappendel R, Crul BJP. Substance P. European Journal of Pain. 2000;4:121–135
  44. Sperry MA, Goshgarian HG. Ultrastructural changes in the rat phrenic nucleus developing within 2h after cervical spinal cord hemisection. Experimental Neurology. 1993;120:233–244
  45. Steindler A. The interpretation of sciatic radiation and the syndrome of low-back pain. Bone and Joint Surgery (America). 1940;22:28–34
  46. Steindler A, Luck JV. Differential diagnosis of pain low in the back. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1938;110:106–113
  47. Stockman R. The causes, pathology, and treatment of chronic rheumatism. Edinburgh Medical Journal. 1904;15:107–116
  48. Travell, J.G., 1968. Office hours: day and night. The Autobiography of Janet Travell. M.D. World Publishing, New York.
  49. Travell JG, Rinzler SH. The myofascial genesis of pain. Postgraduate Medicine. 1952;11:434–452
  50. Travell, J.G., Simons, D.G., 1983. Travell and Simons’ Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual, vol. 1. Upper Half of Body. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
  51. Treaster D, Marras WS, Burr D, Sheedy JE, Hart D. Myofascial trigger point development from visual and postural stressors during computer work. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2006;16:115–124
  52. Verri WA, Cunha TM, Parada CA, Poole S, Cunha FQ, Ferreira SH. Hypernociceptive role of cytokines and chemokines: targets for analgesic drug development?. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2006;112:116–138
  53. Wall PD, Woolf CJ. Muscle but not cutaneous C-afferent input produces prolonged increases in the excitability of the flexion reflex in the rat. Journal of Physiology. 1984;356:443–458
  54. Wang, K., Yu, L., 2000. Emerging concepts of muscle contraction and clinical implications for myofascial pain syndrome (abstract). Focus on Pain, Mesa, AZ, Janet G. Travell, MD Seminar Series.
  55. Watkins, L.R., Wiesler-Frank, J., Hutchinson, M.R., Ledeboer, A., Spataro, L., Milligan, E.D., Sloane, E.M., Maier, S.F., 2007. Neuroimmune interactions and pain: the role of immune and glial cells. In: Ader, R. (Ed.), Psychoneuroimmunology, vol. 1. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp. 393–414.
  56. Wiederholt WC. “End-plate noise” in electromyography. Neurology. 1970;20:214–224
  57. Willard, F., 2008. Basic mechanisms of pain. In: Audette, J.F., Bailey, A. (Eds.), Integrative Pain Medicine: The Science and Practice of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Pain Management. Humana Press, Totowa (Chapter 2).
  58. Windisch A, Reitinger A, Traxler H, Radner H, Neumayer C, Feigl W, et al. Morphology and histochemistry of myogelosis. Clinical Anatomy. 1999;12(4):266–271
  59. Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB, Bennett RM, Bombardier C, Goldenberg DL, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 1990;33(2):160–172
  60. Woolf CJ. Central sensitization: uncovering the relation between pain and plasticity. Anesthesiology. 2007;106(4):864–867

PII: S1360-8592(08)00094-6

doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2008.06.006

Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
Volume 12, Issue 4 , Pages 371-384 , October 2008