Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
Volume 12, Issue 1 , Pages 40-57 , January 2008

Perspective: Assume a spherical cow: The role of free or mobile electrons in bodywork, energetic and movement therapies

  • James L. Oschman, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +16037423789; fax: +16037424695.
    web address

Received 26 January 2007 ,Revised 15 August 2007 ,Accepted 17 August 2007.

References 

  1. Alschuler L. Stress; thief in the night. International Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2001;3:27–34
  2. Amalu WC, Hobbins WB, Head JF, Elliot RL. Infrared imaging of the breast—an overview. In:  Bronzino JD editors. The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, 3rd ed., Medical Devices and Systems. Baton Rouge: CRC Press; 2006;Ch. 25
  3. Anisimov SV, Mareev EA, Bakastov SS. On the generation and evolution of aeroelectric structures in the surface layer. Journal of Geophysical Research. 1999;104(D12):14359–14367
  4. Applewhite, R., 2005. Effectiveness of a Conductive Patch and a Conductive Bed Pad in reducing induced human body voltage via the application of earth ground. European Biology and Bioelectromagnetics 11/03/2005 issue, pp. 23–40, on the web at: 〈http://www.ebab.eu.com/dsp_abs.asp?s_aid=3&s_vol=1&s_iss=1〉.
  5. Bassett CAL. Bioelectromagnetics in the service of medicine. In:  Blank M editors. Electromagnetic Fields: Biological Interactiionis and Mechanisms. Advances in Chemistry Series 250. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society; 1995;p. 261–275
  6. Baum A, Grunberg N. In:  Cohen S,  Kessler RC,  Gordon LU editor. Measuring Stress: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995;p. 175–192Chapter 8
  7. Bergmann G, Kniggendorf H, Graichen F, Rohlmann A. Influence of shoes and heel strike on the loading of the hip joint. Journal of Biomechanics. 1995;28:817–827
  8. Berridge MJ, Oschman JL. Transporting Epithelia. New York: Academic Press; 1972;
  9. Bjorntorp P. Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities?. Obesity Reviews. 2001;2:73–86
  10. Born J, Hansen K, Marshall L, Molle M, Fehm HL. Timing the end of nocturnal sleep. Nature. 1999;397:29–30
  11. Burkett LN, Kohrt M, Buchbinder R. Effects of shoes and foot orthotics on VO2 and selected frontal plane kinematics. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1985;17:158–163
  12. Chaitow L. Cranial Manipulation: Theory and Practice. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2005;
  13. Chevalier, G., Mori, K., Oschman, J.L., 2006. The Effect of Earthing (grounding) on Human Physiology. European Biology and Bioelectromagnetics 31/01/2006 issue, pp. 600–621, on the web: 〈http://www.ebab.eu.com/dsp_abs.asp?s_aid=41&s_vol=1&s_iss=5〉.
  14. In:  Cohen S,  Kessler RC,  Gordon LU editor. Measuring Stress: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995;
  15. Comper WD, Laurent TC. Physiological function of connective tissue polysaccharides. Physiological Reviews. 1978;58(1):255–315
  16. Cook NR, Albert CM, Gaziano JM, et al. A randomized factorial trial of vitamins C and E and beta carotene in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in women. Results from the women's antioxidant cardiovascular study. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2007;167:1610–1618
  17. Davis RH, Pitkow HS, Shovlin KA. Anti-inflammatory effect of tryptophan in Selye pouch. Journal of the American Podiatry Association. 1981;71(12):690–691
  18. Di Rosa M, Dell’Ombra N, Zambito A, et al. Chitotriosidase and inflammatory mediator levels in Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular dementia. The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2006;23(10):2648–2656
  19. Dolbear AE. On the physics of fields. Science. 1901;14(360):442–444
  20. Edelmann L. Freeze-dried and resin-embedded biological material is well suited for ultrastructure research. Journal of Microscopy. 2002;207(1):5–26
  21. Feyerabend P. Realism, Rationalism and Scientific Method: Philosophical Papers. vol. 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1981;p. 185
  22. Flaherty RF. Running Economy and Kinematic Differences Among Running with the Foot Shod, with the Foot Bare, and with the Bare Foot Equated for Weight. Eugene, Oregon: Microform Publications, International Institute for Sport and Human Performance, University of Oregon; 1994;
  23. Foley PB, Cairncross KD, Foldes A. Pineal indoles: significance and measurement. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 1986;10:273–293
  24. Follenius M, Brandenberge G, Bandesap JJ, Libert JP, Ehrhart J. Nocturnal cortisol release in relation to sleep structure. Sleep. 1992;15:21–27
  25. Frederick A, Frederick C. Stretch to Win. Flexibility for Improved Speed, Power and Agility. Champaign, IL: Kinetics Press; 2006;
  26. Gallin JI, Snyderman R. Inflammation. Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates. thirrd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999;p. 1
  27. Geophysics Study Committee. The Earth's Electrical Environment, Technical Report. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1986;
  28. Ghaly M, Teplitz D. The biological effects of grounding the human body during sleep, as measured by cortisol levels and subjective reporting of sleep, pain and stress. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2004;10:767–776
  29. Gille J, Swerlick RA. Integrins: role in cell adhesion and communication. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1996;797(11):93–106
  30. Gish OH. The natural electric currents of the earth. The Scientific Monthly. 1936;43(1):47–57
  31. Grimnes S, Martinsen ØG. Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Basics. San Diego: Academic Press/Harcourt; 2000;
  32. Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, et al. The SU. VI.MAX study. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004;164:2335–2342
  33. Hodgkin AL, Keynes RD. The mobility and diffusion coefficient of potassium in giant axons from Sepia. Journal of Physiology. 1953;119:513–528
  34. Jepson B, Johnson J. Changing the Course of Autism: A Scientific Approach for Parents and Physicians. Boulder, CO: Sentient Publications; 2007;
  35. Kapke, K., 2005. Healing with sound, Part I. Tuning the human instrument. Massage and Bodywork Magazine, August/September issue.
  36. Kim Y, Laposky AD, Bergmann BM, Turek FW. Repeated sleep restriction in rats leads to homeostatic and allostatic responses during recovery sleep. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 2007;104(25):10697–10702
  37. Kirschbaum C, Hellhammer DH. Salivary cortisol in psychobiological research: an overview. Neuropsychobiology. 1989;22:150–169
  38. Kirschbaum, C., Hellhammer, D.H., 2000. Salivary cortisol. In: Fink, G. (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of Stress, vol. 3, first ed. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 379–383.
  39. Koefoed-Johnsen V, Ussing HH. The nature of the frog skin potential. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1958;42:298–308
  40. Kudielka BM, Bellingrath S, Hellhammer DH. Cortisol in burnout and vital exhaustion: an overview. Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia 28:1, Supplemento Psicologia. 2006;1:34–42
  41. Lee RP. Interface. Mechanisms of Spirit in Osteopathy. Portland Oregon: Stillness Press; 2005;
  42. Luby-Phelps K. Cytoarchitecture and physical properties of cytoplasm: volume, viscosity diffusion, intracellular surface area. International Review of Cytology. 2000;192:189–221
  43. Malmivuo J, Plonsey R. Bioelectromagnetism. Principles and Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Fields. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995;
  44. Maniotis AJ, Chen CS, Ingber DE. Demonstration of mechanical connections between integrins, cytoskeletal filaments, and nucleoplasm that stabilize nuclear structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 1997;94(3):849–854
  45. McMakin CR. Microcurrent therapy: a novel treatment method for chronic low back myofascial pain. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2004;8(2):143–153
  46. Meinig GE. Root Canal Cover-Up. second ed. Ojai, CA: Bion Pub; 1994;
  47. Myers TW. The Anatomy Trains. Myofascial Meridians for Manual and Movement Therapists. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2001;
  48. Northrop FSC. The Two Kinds of Deductively Formulated Theory, Ch 6 in The Logic of the Sciences and the Humanities. New Haven, CT: Meridian Books; 1959;p. 102
  49. Ober, A.C., 2003. Grounding the human body to earth reduces chronic inflammation and related chronic pain. ESD Journal, July issue.
  50. Ober, A.C., 2004. Grounding the human body to neutralize bio-electrical stress from static electricity and EMFs. ESD Journal, February 22 issue.
  51. Ober, A.C., Coghill, R.W., 2003. Does grounding the human body to earth reduce chronic inflammation and related chronic pain? In: Presented at the European Bioelectromagnetics Association annual meeting, November 12, 2003, Budapest, Hungary.
  52. Oschman JL. Morphological correlates of transport. In:  Giebisch G,  Tosteson DC,  Ussing HH editor. Membrane Transport in Biology, Vol. III. Transport Across Multimembrane Systems. Berlin: Springer; 1978;p. 55–93Chapter 3
  53. Oschman JL. Structure and properties of ground substances. American Zoologist. 1981;24:199–215
  54. Oschman JL. Energy Medicine: The Scientific Basis. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Harcourt Brace; 2000;
  55. Oschman JL. Energy Medicine in Therapeutics and Human Performance. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier; 2003;
  56. Oschman JL. Perspective: trauma energetics. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2006;10(1):21–34
  57. Oschman, J.L., 2007. Review and commentary: electrons as anti-oxidants. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13(8), in press.
  58. Oschman, J.L., Kosovich, J., 2007. Energy medicine and matrix regeneration. Anti-Aging Therapeutics 10, in press.
  59. Pienta KJ, Coffey DS. Nuclear-cytoskeletal interactions: evidence for physical connections between the nucleus and cell periphery and their alteration by transformation. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 1992;49(4):357–365
  60. Pischinger A. The extracellular matrix and ground regulation. Basis for a holistic biological medicine. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books; 2007;
  61. Ratcliffe JW. Notions of validity in qualitative research methodology. Science Communication. 1983;5(2):147–167
  62. Redpath WM. Trauma Energetics: A Study of Held-Energy Systems. Lexington, MA: Bayberry Press; 1995;
  63. Rolf IP. Rolfing. Reestablishing the Natural Alignment and Structural Integration of the Human Body for Vitality and Well-Being. Rochester, Vermont: Healing Arts Press; 1989;p. 129
  64. Robbins SE, Gouw GJ. Athletic footwear and chronic overloading: a brief review. Sports Medicine. 1990;9:76–85
  65. Robbins SE, Gouw GJ. Athletic footwear: unsafe due to perceptual illusions. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1991;23:217–224
  66. Robbins SE, Hanna AM. Running-related injury prevention through barefoot adaptations. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1987;19(2):148–156
  67. Robbins S, Gouw G, McClaran J, Waked E. Protective sensation of the plantar aspect of the foot. Foot and Ankle. 1993;14:347–352
  68. Rodenbeck A, Huether G, Ruther E, Hajak G. Interactions between evening and nocturnal cortisol secretion and sleep parameters in patients with severe chronic primary insomnia. Neurosciences Letters. 2002;324:159–163
  69. Rose, M.K., 2006. Seated massage. A time to sit up straight and relax. Massage and Bodywork Magazine, February/March issue.
  70. Sabatini DD, Bensch K, Barrnett RJ. Cytochemistry and electron microscopy. The preservation of cellular ultrastructure and enzymatic activity by aldehyde fixation. Journal of Cell Biology. 1963;17:19–58
  71. Sandyk, R., 1995. Treatment of neurological and mental disorders. United States Patent No. 5,470,846.
  72. Selye H. The Stress of Life. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill Book Company; 1956;
  73. Selye H. On the mechanism through which hydrocortisone affects the resistance of tissues to injury; an experimental study with the granuloma pouch technique. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1953;152(13):1207–1213
  74. Siff MC, Verkhoshansky YV. Supertraining. fourth ed. Denver, Colorado: Supertraining International; 1999;
  75. Singer EA. Mind as a Behavior. Brooklyn, NY: AMS Press; 1986;
  76. Stone AA, Schwartz JE, Smyth J, Kirschbaum C, Cohen S, Hellhammer D, et al. Individual differences in the diurnal cycle of salivary free cortisol: a replication of flattened cycles for some individuals. Psychoneuroendocriniology. 2001;26:295–303
  77. van Cauter E. Diurnal and ultradian rhythms in human endocrine function: a minireview. Hormone Research. 1990;34:45–53
  78. Vgontzas AN, Zoumakis M, Papanicolaou DA, Bixler EO, Prolo P, Lin HM, et al. Chronic insomnia is associated with a shift of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor secretion from nighttime to daytime. Metabolism. 2002;51:887–892
  79. Virchow R. Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begrundung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre. Berlin: August Hirschwald; 1858;
  80. Virtamo J, Rapola JM, Ripatti S, et al. Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of primary nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998;158:668–675l
  81. Vivekananthan DP, Penn MS, Sapp SK, et al. Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2003;361:2017–2023
  82. Volland H. Atmospheric electrodynamics. In:  Lanzerotte LJ editors. Physics and Chemistry in Space. Berlin: Springer; 1984;
  83. Williams ER, Heckman SJ. The local diurnal variation of cloud electrification and the global diurnal variation of negative charge on the earth. Journal of Geophysical Research. 1993;98:5221–5234
  84. Wurtman J, Axelrod RJ. The pineal gland. Scientific American. 1965;231:50–60

PII: S1360-8592(07)00087-3

doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2007.08.002

Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
Volume 12, Issue 1 , Pages 40-57 , January 2008